Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor Resistance Mutations Associated with First-Line Stavudine-Containing Antiretroviral Therapy: Programmatic Implications for Countries Phasing Out Stavudine
Identifieur interne : 004572 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 004571; suivant : 004573Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor Resistance Mutations Associated with First-Line Stavudine-Containing Antiretroviral Therapy: Programmatic Implications for Countries Phasing Out Stavudine
Auteurs : Michele W. Tang [États-Unis] ; Soo-Yon Rhee [États-Unis] ; Silvia Bertagnolio [Suisse] ; Nathan Ford [Suisse] ; Susan Holmes [États-Unis] ; Kim C. Sigaloff [Pays-Bas] ; Raph L. Hamers [Pays-Bas] ; Tobias F. Rinke De Wit [Pays-Bas] ; Herve J. Fleury [France] ; Phyllis J. Kanki [États-Unis] ; Kiat Ruxrungtham [Thaïlande] ; Claudia A. Hawkins [États-Unis] ; Carole L. Wallis [Afrique du Sud] ; Wendy Stevens [Afrique du Sud] ; Gert U. Van Zyl [Afrique du Sud] ; Weerawat Manosuthi [Thaïlande] ; Mina C. Hosseinipour [Malawi] ; Nicole Ngo-Giang-Huong [Thaïlande] ; Laurent Belec [France] ; Martine Peeters [France] ; Avelin Aghokeng [France, Cameroun] ; Torsak Bunupuradah ; Sherri Burda [États-Unis] ; Patricia Cane [Royaume-Uni] ; Giulia Cappelli [Cameroun, Italie] ; Charlotte Charpentier [France] ; Anoumou Y. Dagnra [Togo] ; Alaka K. Deshpande [Inde] ; Ziad El-Katib [Canada, Suède] ; Susan H. Eshleman [États-Unis] ; Joseph Fokam [Cameroun] ; Jean-Chrysostome Gody [République centrafricaine] ; David Katzenstein [États-Unis] ; Donato D. Koyalta [Tchad] ; Johnstone J. Kumwenda [Malawi] ; Marc Lallemant [États-Unis, Thaïlande] ; Lutgarde Lynen [Belgique] ; Vincent C. Marconi [Géorgie (pays)] ; Nicolas A. Margot [États-Unis] ; Sandrine Moussa [République centrafricaine] ; Thumbi Ndung'U [Afrique du Sud] ; Phillipe N. Nyambi [États-Unis] ; Catherine Orrell [Afrique du Sud] ; Jonathan M. Schapiro [Israël] ; Rob Schuurman [Pays-Bas] ; Sunee Sirivichayakul [Thaïlande] ; Davey Smith [États-Unis] ; Maria Zolfo [Belgique] ; Michael R. Jordan [États-Unis] ; Robert W. Shafer [États-Unis]Source :
- The Journal of Infectious Diseases [ 0022-1899 ] ; 2013.
Abstract
The World Health Organization Antiretroviral Treatment Guidelines recommend phasing-out stavudine because of its risk of long-term toxicity. There are two mutational pathways of stavudine resistance with different implications for zidovudine and tenofovir cross-resistance, the primary candidates for replacing stavudine. However, because resistance testing is rarely available in resource-limited settings, it is critical to identify the cross-resistance patterns associated with first-line stavudine failure.
We analyzed HIV-1 resistance mutations following first-line stavudine failure from 35 publications comprising 1,825 individuals. We also assessed the influence of concomitant nevirapine vs. efavirenz, therapy duration, and HIV-1 subtype on the proportions of mutations associated with zidovudine vs. tenofovir cross-resistance.
Mutations with preferential zidovudine activity, K65R or K70E, occurred in 5.3% of individuals. Mutations with preferential tenofovir activity, ≥two thymidine analog mutations (TAMs) or Q151M, occurred in 22% of individuals. Nevirapine increased the risk of TAMs, K65R, and Q151M. Longer therapy increased the risk of TAMs and Q151M but not K65R. Subtype C and CRF01_AE increased the risk of K65R, but only CRF01_AE increased the risk of K65R without Q151M.
Regardless of concomitant nevirapine vs. efavirenz, therapy duration, or subtype, tenofovir was more likely than zidovudine to retain antiviral activity following first-line d4T therapy.
Url:
DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jit114
PubMed: 23687292
PubMed Central: 3657117
Affiliations:
- Afrique du Sud, Belgique, Cameroun, Canada, France, Géorgie (pays), Inde, Israël, Italie, Malawi, Pays-Bas, Royaume-Uni, République centrafricaine, Suisse, Suède, Tchad, Thaïlande, Togo, États-Unis
- Angleterre, Aquitaine, Californie, Gauteng, Grand Londres, Hollande-Septentrionale, Illinois, Languedoc-Roussillon, Latium, Maryland, Massachusetts, Nouvelle-Aquitaine, Occitanie (région administrative), Québec, Svealand, État de New York, Île-de-France
- Amsterdam, Bordeaux, Johannesbourg, Londres, Montpellier, Montréal, Paris, Rome, Stockholm
- Université Montpellier 1, Université Paris-Descartes, Université d'Amsterdam, Université du Witwatersrand
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Le document en format XML
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Tang</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="af1"><addr-line>Division Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, California</addr-line></nlm:aff><country>États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Division Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Stanford University</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rhee, Soo Yon" sort="Rhee, Soo Yon" uniqKey="Rhee S" first="Soo-Yon" last="Rhee">Soo-Yon Rhee</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="af1"><addr-line>Division Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, California</addr-line></nlm:aff><country>États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Division Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Stanford University</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bertagnolio, Silvia" sort="Bertagnolio, Silvia" uniqKey="Bertagnolio S" first="Silvia" last="Bertagnolio">Silvia Bertagnolio</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af2"><addr-line>WHO/HTM/TCO, Geneva, Switzerland</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>WHO/HTM/TCO, Geneva</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Geneva</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ford, Nathan" sort="Ford, Nathan" uniqKey="Ford N" first="Nathan" last="Ford">Nathan Ford</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af2"><addr-line>WHO/HTM/TCO, Geneva, Switzerland</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>WHO/HTM/TCO, Geneva</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Geneva</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Holmes, Susan" sort="Holmes, Susan" uniqKey="Holmes S" first="Susan" last="Holmes">Susan Holmes</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="af3"><addr-line>Department of Statistics, Stanford University, California</addr-line></nlm:aff><country>États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Department of Statistics, Stanford University</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sigaloff, Kim C" sort="Sigaloff, Kim C" uniqKey="Sigaloff K" first="Kim C." last="Sigaloff">Kim C. Sigaloff</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="af4"><addr-line>PharmAccess Foundation, Department of Global Health, Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, The Netherlands</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea>PharmAccess Foundation, Department of Global Health, Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université d'Amsterdam</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Amsterdam</settlement><region>Hollande-Septentrionale</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hamers, Raph L" sort="Hamers, Raph L" uniqKey="Hamers R" first="Raph L." last="Hamers">Raph L. Hamers</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="af4"><addr-line>PharmAccess Foundation, Department of Global Health, Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, The Netherlands</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea>PharmAccess Foundation, Department of Global Health, Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université d'Amsterdam</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Amsterdam</settlement><region>Hollande-Septentrionale</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Wit, Tobias F Rinke" sort="De Wit, Tobias F Rinke" uniqKey="De Wit T" first="Tobias F. Rinke" last="De Wit">Tobias F. Rinke De Wit</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="af4"><addr-line>PharmAccess Foundation, Department of Global Health, Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, The Netherlands</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea>PharmAccess Foundation, Department of Global Health, Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université d'Amsterdam</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Amsterdam</settlement><region>Hollande-Septentrionale</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fleury, Herve J" sort="Fleury, Herve J" uniqKey="Fleury H" first="Herve J." last="Fleury">Herve J. Fleury</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="af5"><addr-line>Laboratoire de Virologie (WHO accredited), CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratoire de Virologie (WHO accredited), CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Nouvelle-Aquitaine</region><region type="old region">Aquitaine</region><settlement type="city">Bordeaux</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kanki, Phyllis J" sort="Kanki, Phyllis J" uniqKey="Kanki P" first="Phyllis J." last="Kanki">Phyllis J. Kanki</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="af6"><addr-line>Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ruxrungtham, Kiat" sort="Ruxrungtham, Kiat" uniqKey="Ruxrungtham K" first="Kiat" last="Ruxrungtham">Kiat Ruxrungtham</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af7"><addr-line>Department of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, and Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Center, Bangkok, Thailand</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Thaïlande</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, and Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Center, Bangkok</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Bangkok</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hawkins, Claudia A" sort="Hawkins, Claudia A" uniqKey="Hawkins C" first="Claudia A." last="Hawkins">Claudia A. Hawkins</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="af8"><addr-line>Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Illinois</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Northwestern University, Chicago</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wallis, Carole L" sort="Wallis, Carole L" uniqKey="Wallis C" first="Carole L." last="Wallis">Carole L. Wallis</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af9"><addr-line>Lancet Laboratories, Johannesburg, South Africa</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Lancet Laboratories, Johannesburg</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Johannesburg</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stevens, Wendy" sort="Stevens, Wendy" uniqKey="Stevens W" first="Wendy" last="Stevens">Wendy Stevens</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="af10"><addr-line>Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, and National Laboratory Health Services, South Africa</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, and National Laboratory Health Services</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université du Witwatersrand</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Johannesbourg</settlement><region type="region" nuts="2">Gauteng</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Zyl, Gert U" sort="Van Zyl, Gert U" uniqKey="Van Zyl G" first="Gert U." last="Van Zyl">Gert U. Van Zyl</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af11"><addr-line>Division of Medical Virology, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Medical Virology, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, Cape Town</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Cape Town</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Manosuthi, Weerawat" sort="Manosuthi, Weerawat" uniqKey="Manosuthi W" first="Weerawat" last="Manosuthi">Weerawat Manosuthi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af12"><addr-line>Department of Medicine, Bamrasnaradura Infectious Diseases Institute, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Thaïlande</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Medicine, Bamrasnaradura Infectious Diseases Institute, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Nonthaburi</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hosseinipour, Mina C" sort="Hosseinipour, Mina C" uniqKey="Hosseinipour M" first="Mina C." last="Hosseinipour">Mina C. Hosseinipour</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af13"><addr-line>University of North Carolina Project, Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe, Malawi</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Malawi</country><wicri:regionArea>University of North Carolina Project, Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Lilongwe</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ngo Giang Huong, Nicole" sort="Ngo Giang Huong, Nicole" uniqKey="Ngo Giang Huong N" first="Nicole" last="Ngo-Giang-Huong">Nicole Ngo-Giang-Huong</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af14"><addr-line>Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement IRD U174, Program for HIV Prevention and Treatment, Chiang Mai, Thailand</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Thaïlande</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement IRD U174, Program for HIV Prevention and Treatment, Chiang Mai</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Chiang Mai</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Belec, Laurent" sort="Belec, Laurent" uniqKey="Belec L" first="Laurent" last="Belec">Laurent Belec</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="af15"><addr-line>Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, 75908 Paris Cedex 15, France, and Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, 75908 Paris Cedex 15, France, and Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université Paris-Descartes</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Peeters, Martine" sort="Peeters, Martine" uniqKey="Peeters M" first="Martine" last="Peeters">Martine Peeters</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="af16"><addr-line>UMI233, TransVIHMI, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) and Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>UMI233, TransVIHMI, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) and Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Occitanie (région administrative)</region><region type="old region">Languedoc-Roussillon</region><settlement type="city">Montpellier</settlement><settlement type="city">Montpellier</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université Montpellier 1</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Aghokeng, Avelin" sort="Aghokeng, Avelin" uniqKey="Aghokeng A" first="Avelin" last="Aghokeng">Avelin Aghokeng</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="af16"><addr-line>UMI233, TransVIHMI, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) and Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>UMI233, TransVIHMI, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) and Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Occitanie (région administrative)</region><region type="old region">Languedoc-Roussillon</region><settlement type="city">Montpellier</settlement><settlement type="city">Montpellier</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université Montpellier 1</orgName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af17"><addr-line>Virology Laboratory CREMER/IMPM/IRD, Yaoundé, Cameroon</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country><wicri:regionArea>Virology Laboratory CREMER/IMPM/IRD, Yaoundé</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Yaoundé</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bunupuradah, Torsak" sort="Bunupuradah, Torsak" uniqKey="Bunupuradah T" first="Torsak" last="Bunupuradah">Torsak Bunupuradah</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af18"><addr-line>The HIV Netherlands Australia Thailand Research Collaboration (HIV-NAT), The Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre</addr-line></nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">The Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Burda, Sherri" sort="Burda, Sherri" uniqKey="Burda S" first="Sherri" last="Burda">Sherri Burda</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="af19"><addr-line>Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">État de New York</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cane, Patricia" sort="Cane, Patricia" uniqKey="Cane P" first="Patricia" last="Cane">Patricia Cane</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="af20"><addr-line>Health Protection Agency, London, United Kingdom</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Health Protection Agency, London</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cappelli, Giulia" sort="Cappelli, Giulia" uniqKey="Cappelli G" first="Giulia" last="Cappelli">Giulia Cappelli</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af21"><addr-line>Chantal BIYA International Reference Centre for Research on HIV/AIDS Prevention and Management, Yaoundé, Cameroon</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country><wicri:regionArea>Chantal BIYA International Reference Centre for Research on HIV/AIDS Prevention and Management, Yaoundé</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Yaoundé</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="af22"><addr-line>National Research Council, Rome, Italy</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>National Research Council, Rome</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Rome</settlement><region nuts="2">Latium</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Charpentier, Charlotte" sort="Charpentier, Charlotte" uniqKey="Charpentier C" first="Charlotte" last="Charpentier">Charlotte Charpentier</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="af23"><addr-line>Laboratoire de Virologie, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Groupe Hospitalier Bichat-Claude Bernard, HUPNVS, Université Paris Diderot, Paris 7, PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, EA4409, Paris, France</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratoire de Virologie, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Groupe Hospitalier Bichat-Claude Bernard, HUPNVS, Université Paris Diderot, Paris 7, PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, EA4409, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dagnra, Anoumou Y" sort="Dagnra, Anoumou Y" uniqKey="Dagnra A" first="Anoumou Y." last="Dagnra">Anoumou Y. Dagnra</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af24"><addr-line>Centre National de Référence des tests VIH-IST/PNLS and Laboratoire BIOLIM, FMMP/UL, Lomé, Togo</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Togo</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre National de Référence des tests VIH-IST/PNLS and Laboratoire BIOLIM, FMMP/UL, Lomé</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Lomé</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Deshpande, Alaka K" sort="Deshpande, Alaka K" uniqKey="Deshpande A" first="Alaka K." last="Deshpande">Alaka K. Deshpande</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af25"><addr-line>ART Center, Sir JJ Hospital, Byculla, Mumbai, India</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Inde</country><wicri:regionArea>ART Center, Sir JJ Hospital, Byculla, Mumbai</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Mumbai</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="El Katib, Ziad" sort="El Katib, Ziad" uniqKey="El Katib Z" first="Ziad" last="El-Katib">Ziad El-Katib</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="af26"><addr-line>Division of Cancer Epidemiology; McGill University, Montreal, Canada</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Cancer Epidemiology; McGill University, Montreal</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Montréal</settlement><region type="state">Québec</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="af27"><addr-line>Division of Global Health (IHCAR), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Global Health (IHCAR), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Stockholm</settlement><region nuts="2">Svealand</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Eshleman, Susan H" sort="Eshleman, Susan H" uniqKey="Eshleman S" first="Susan H." last="Eshleman">Susan H. Eshleman</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="af28"><addr-line>Dept. of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Maryland</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Dept. of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fokam, Joseph" sort="Fokam, Joseph" uniqKey="Fokam J" first="Joseph" last="Fokam">Joseph Fokam</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af21"><addr-line>Chantal BIYA International Reference Centre for Research on HIV/AIDS Prevention and Management, Yaoundé, Cameroon</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country><wicri:regionArea>Chantal BIYA International Reference Centre for Research on HIV/AIDS Prevention and Management, Yaoundé</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Yaoundé</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af29"><addr-line>Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (FMBS) of the University of Yaounde 1, Yaounde, Cameroon</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country><wicri:regionArea>Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (FMBS) of the University of Yaounde 1, Yaounde</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Yaounde</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gody, Jean Chrysostome" sort="Gody, Jean Chrysostome" uniqKey="Gody J" first="Jean-Chrysostome" last="Gody">Jean-Chrysostome Gody</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af30"><addr-line>Faculté des Sciences de la Santé Bangui, République Centrafricaine</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">République centrafricaine</country><wicri:regionArea>Faculté des Sciences de la Santé Bangui</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af31"><addr-line>Complexe Pédiatrique Bangui, République Centrafricaine</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">République centrafricaine</country><wicri:regionArea>Complexe Pédiatrique Bangui</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Katzenstein, David" sort="Katzenstein, David" uniqKey="Katzenstein D" first="David" last="Katzenstein">David Katzenstein</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="af1"><addr-line>Division Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, California</addr-line></nlm:aff><country>États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Division Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Stanford University</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Koyalta, Donato D" sort="Koyalta, Donato D" uniqKey="Koyalta D" first="Donato D." last="Koyalta">Donato D. Koyalta</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af32"><addr-line>Hôpital Général de Référence Nationale, N'Djamena, Chad</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Tchad</country><wicri:regionArea>Hôpital Général de Référence Nationale, N'Djamena</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>N'Djamena</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kumwenda, Johnstone J" sort="Kumwenda, Johnstone J" uniqKey="Kumwenda J" first="Johnstone J." last="Kumwenda">Johnstone J. Kumwenda</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af33"><addr-line>Dept. of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Malawi</country><wicri:regionArea>Dept. of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Blantyre</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lallemant, Marc" sort="Lallemant, Marc" uniqKey="Lallemant M" first="Marc" last="Lallemant">Marc Lallemant</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="af6"><addr-line>Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston</wicri:cityArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af14"><addr-line>Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement IRD U174, Program for HIV Prevention and Treatment, Chiang Mai, Thailand</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Thaïlande</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement IRD U174, Program for HIV Prevention and Treatment, Chiang Mai</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Chiang Mai</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af34"><addr-line>Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Thaïlande</country><wicri:regionArea>Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Chiang Mai</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lynen, Lutgarde" sort="Lynen, Lutgarde" uniqKey="Lynen L" first="Lutgarde" last="Lynen">Lutgarde Lynen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af35"><addr-line>Institute of Tropical Medicine (ITM), Antwerp, Belgium</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Tropical Medicine (ITM), Antwerp</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Antwerp</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Marconi, Vincent C" sort="Marconi, Vincent C" uniqKey="Marconi V" first="Vincent C." last="Marconi">Vincent C. Marconi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af36"><addr-line>Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Géorgie (pays)</country><wicri:regionArea>Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Atlanta</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af37"><addr-line>Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Géorgie (pays)</country><wicri:regionArea>Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Atlanta</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Margot, Nicolas A" sort="Margot, Nicolas A" uniqKey="Margot N" first="Nicolas A." last="Margot">Nicolas A. Margot</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="af38"><addr-line>Gilead Sciences Inc., Foster City, California</addr-line></nlm:aff><country>États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Gilead Sciences Inc., Foster City</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Moussa, Sandrine" sort="Moussa, Sandrine" uniqKey="Moussa S" first="Sandrine" last="Moussa">Sandrine Moussa</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af39"><addr-line>Unité des Rétrovirus et des Virus Oncogènes, Institut Pasteur de Bangui, Bangui, Central African Republic</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République centrafricaine</country><wicri:regionArea>Unité des Rétrovirus et des Virus Oncogènes, Institut Pasteur de Bangui, Bangui</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Bangui</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ndung U, Thumbi" sort="Ndung U, Thumbi" uniqKey="Ndung U T" first="Thumbi" last="Ndung'U">Thumbi Ndung'U</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af40"><addr-line>HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Durban</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nyambi, Phillipe N" sort="Nyambi, Phillipe N" uniqKey="Nyambi P" first="Phillipe N." last="Nyambi">Phillipe N. Nyambi</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="af41"><addr-line>Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">État de New York</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York</wicri:cityArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="af42"><addr-line>Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare Systems, New York, New York</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">État de New York</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare Systems, New York</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Orrell, Catherine" sort="Orrell, Catherine" uniqKey="Orrell C" first="Catherine" last="Orrell">Catherine Orrell</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af43"><addr-line>Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Cape Town</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schapiro, Jonathan M" sort="Schapiro, Jonathan M" uniqKey="Schapiro J" first="Jonathan M." last="Schapiro">Jonathan M. Schapiro</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af44"><addr-line>National Hemophilia Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Israël</country><wicri:regionArea>National Hemophilia Center, Tel Hashomer</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Tel Hashomer</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schuurman, Rob" sort="Schuurman, Rob" uniqKey="Schuurman R" first="Rob" last="Schuurman">Rob Schuurman</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af45"><addr-line>Department of Virology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Virology, University Medical Center Utrecht</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>University Medical Center Utrecht</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sirivichayakul, Sunee" sort="Sirivichayakul, Sunee" uniqKey="Sirivichayakul S" first="Sunee" last="Sirivichayakul">Sunee Sirivichayakul</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af7"><addr-line>Department of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, and Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Center, Bangkok, Thailand</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Thaïlande</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, and Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Center, Bangkok</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Bangkok</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Smith, Davey" sort="Smith, Davey" uniqKey="Smith D" first="Davey" last="Smith">Davey Smith</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="af46"><addr-line>Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California</addr-line></nlm:aff><country>États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California San Diego, San Diego</wicri:cityArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="af47"><addr-line>Veterans Affairs Healthcare System San Diego, San Diego, California</addr-line></nlm:aff><country>États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Veterans Affairs Healthcare System San Diego, San Diego</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zolfo, Maria" sort="Zolfo, Maria" uniqKey="Zolfo M" first="Maria" last="Zolfo">Maria Zolfo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af35"><addr-line>Institute of Tropical Medicine (ITM), Antwerp, Belgium</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Tropical Medicine (ITM), Antwerp</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Antwerp</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jordan, Michael R" sort="Jordan, Michael R" uniqKey="Jordan M" first="Michael R." last="Jordan">Michael R. Jordan</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="af48"><addr-line>Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shafer, Robert W" sort="Shafer, Robert W" uniqKey="Shafer R" first="Robert W." last="Shafer">Robert W. Shafer</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="af1"><addr-line>Division Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, California</addr-line></nlm:aff><country>États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Division Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Stanford University</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">23687292</idno><idno type="pmc">3657117</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3657117</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:3657117</idno><idno type="doi">10.1093/infdis/jit114</idno><date when="2013">2013</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">001972</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">001972</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">001831</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">001831</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">001976</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">001976</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Merge">001266</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Curation">001266</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Checkpoint">001266</idno><idno type="wicri:doubleKey">0022-1899:2013:Tang M:nucleoside:reverse:transcriptase</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Merge">004670</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Curation">004572</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Exploration">004572</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor Resistance Mutations Associated with First-Line Stavudine-Containing Antiretroviral Therapy: Programmatic Implications for Countries Phasing Out Stavudine</title><author><name sortKey="Tang, Michele W" sort="Tang, Michele W" uniqKey="Tang M" first="Michele W." last="Tang">Michele W. Tang</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="af1"><addr-line>Division Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, California</addr-line></nlm:aff><country>États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Division Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Stanford University</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rhee, Soo Yon" sort="Rhee, Soo Yon" uniqKey="Rhee S" first="Soo-Yon" last="Rhee">Soo-Yon Rhee</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="af1"><addr-line>Division Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, California</addr-line></nlm:aff><country>États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Division Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Stanford University</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bertagnolio, Silvia" sort="Bertagnolio, Silvia" uniqKey="Bertagnolio S" first="Silvia" last="Bertagnolio">Silvia Bertagnolio</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af2"><addr-line>WHO/HTM/TCO, Geneva, Switzerland</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>WHO/HTM/TCO, Geneva</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Geneva</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ford, Nathan" sort="Ford, Nathan" uniqKey="Ford N" first="Nathan" last="Ford">Nathan Ford</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af2"><addr-line>WHO/HTM/TCO, Geneva, Switzerland</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>WHO/HTM/TCO, Geneva</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Geneva</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Holmes, Susan" sort="Holmes, Susan" uniqKey="Holmes S" first="Susan" last="Holmes">Susan Holmes</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="af3"><addr-line>Department of Statistics, Stanford University, California</addr-line></nlm:aff><country>États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Department of Statistics, Stanford University</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sigaloff, Kim C" sort="Sigaloff, Kim C" uniqKey="Sigaloff K" first="Kim C." last="Sigaloff">Kim C. Sigaloff</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="af4"><addr-line>PharmAccess Foundation, Department of Global Health, Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, The Netherlands</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea>PharmAccess Foundation, Department of Global Health, Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université d'Amsterdam</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Amsterdam</settlement><region>Hollande-Septentrionale</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hamers, Raph L" sort="Hamers, Raph L" uniqKey="Hamers R" first="Raph L." last="Hamers">Raph L. Hamers</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="af4"><addr-line>PharmAccess Foundation, Department of Global Health, Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, The Netherlands</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea>PharmAccess Foundation, Department of Global Health, Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université d'Amsterdam</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Amsterdam</settlement><region>Hollande-Septentrionale</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De Wit, Tobias F Rinke" sort="De Wit, Tobias F Rinke" uniqKey="De Wit T" first="Tobias F. Rinke" last="De Wit">Tobias F. Rinke De Wit</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="af4"><addr-line>PharmAccess Foundation, Department of Global Health, Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, The Netherlands</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea>PharmAccess Foundation, Department of Global Health, Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université d'Amsterdam</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Amsterdam</settlement><region>Hollande-Septentrionale</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fleury, Herve J" sort="Fleury, Herve J" uniqKey="Fleury H" first="Herve J." last="Fleury">Herve J. Fleury</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="af5"><addr-line>Laboratoire de Virologie (WHO accredited), CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratoire de Virologie (WHO accredited), CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Nouvelle-Aquitaine</region><region type="old region">Aquitaine</region><settlement type="city">Bordeaux</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kanki, Phyllis J" sort="Kanki, Phyllis J" uniqKey="Kanki P" first="Phyllis J." last="Kanki">Phyllis J. Kanki</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="af6"><addr-line>Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ruxrungtham, Kiat" sort="Ruxrungtham, Kiat" uniqKey="Ruxrungtham K" first="Kiat" last="Ruxrungtham">Kiat Ruxrungtham</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af7"><addr-line>Department of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, and Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Center, Bangkok, Thailand</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Thaïlande</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, and Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Center, Bangkok</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Bangkok</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hawkins, Claudia A" sort="Hawkins, Claudia A" uniqKey="Hawkins C" first="Claudia A." last="Hawkins">Claudia A. Hawkins</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="af8"><addr-line>Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Illinois</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Northwestern University, Chicago</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wallis, Carole L" sort="Wallis, Carole L" uniqKey="Wallis C" first="Carole L." last="Wallis">Carole L. Wallis</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af9"><addr-line>Lancet Laboratories, Johannesburg, South Africa</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Lancet Laboratories, Johannesburg</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Johannesburg</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stevens, Wendy" sort="Stevens, Wendy" uniqKey="Stevens W" first="Wendy" last="Stevens">Wendy Stevens</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="af10"><addr-line>Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, and National Laboratory Health Services, South Africa</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, and National Laboratory Health Services</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université du Witwatersrand</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Johannesbourg</settlement><region type="region" nuts="2">Gauteng</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Zyl, Gert U" sort="Van Zyl, Gert U" uniqKey="Van Zyl G" first="Gert U." last="Van Zyl">Gert U. Van Zyl</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af11"><addr-line>Division of Medical Virology, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, Cape Town, South Africa</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Medical Virology, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, Cape Town</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Cape Town</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Manosuthi, Weerawat" sort="Manosuthi, Weerawat" uniqKey="Manosuthi W" first="Weerawat" last="Manosuthi">Weerawat Manosuthi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af12"><addr-line>Department of Medicine, Bamrasnaradura Infectious Diseases Institute, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Thaïlande</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Medicine, Bamrasnaradura Infectious Diseases Institute, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Nonthaburi</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hosseinipour, Mina C" sort="Hosseinipour, Mina C" uniqKey="Hosseinipour M" first="Mina C." last="Hosseinipour">Mina C. Hosseinipour</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af13"><addr-line>University of North Carolina Project, Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe, Malawi</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Malawi</country><wicri:regionArea>University of North Carolina Project, Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Lilongwe</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ngo Giang Huong, Nicole" sort="Ngo Giang Huong, Nicole" uniqKey="Ngo Giang Huong N" first="Nicole" last="Ngo-Giang-Huong">Nicole Ngo-Giang-Huong</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af14"><addr-line>Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement IRD U174, Program for HIV Prevention and Treatment, Chiang Mai, Thailand</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Thaïlande</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement IRD U174, Program for HIV Prevention and Treatment, Chiang Mai</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Chiang Mai</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Belec, Laurent" sort="Belec, Laurent" uniqKey="Belec L" first="Laurent" last="Belec">Laurent Belec</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="af15"><addr-line>Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, 75908 Paris Cedex 15, France, and Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, 75908 Paris Cedex 15, France, and Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université Paris-Descartes</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Peeters, Martine" sort="Peeters, Martine" uniqKey="Peeters M" first="Martine" last="Peeters">Martine Peeters</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="af16"><addr-line>UMI233, TransVIHMI, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) and Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>UMI233, TransVIHMI, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) and Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Occitanie (région administrative)</region><region type="old region">Languedoc-Roussillon</region><settlement type="city">Montpellier</settlement><settlement type="city">Montpellier</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université Montpellier 1</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Aghokeng, Avelin" sort="Aghokeng, Avelin" uniqKey="Aghokeng A" first="Avelin" last="Aghokeng">Avelin Aghokeng</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="af16"><addr-line>UMI233, TransVIHMI, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) and Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>UMI233, TransVIHMI, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) and Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Occitanie (région administrative)</region><region type="old region">Languedoc-Roussillon</region><settlement type="city">Montpellier</settlement><settlement type="city">Montpellier</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université Montpellier 1</orgName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af17"><addr-line>Virology Laboratory CREMER/IMPM/IRD, Yaoundé, Cameroon</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country><wicri:regionArea>Virology Laboratory CREMER/IMPM/IRD, Yaoundé</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Yaoundé</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bunupuradah, Torsak" sort="Bunupuradah, Torsak" uniqKey="Bunupuradah T" first="Torsak" last="Bunupuradah">Torsak Bunupuradah</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af18"><addr-line>The HIV Netherlands Australia Thailand Research Collaboration (HIV-NAT), The Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre</addr-line></nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">The Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Burda, Sherri" sort="Burda, Sherri" uniqKey="Burda S" first="Sherri" last="Burda">Sherri Burda</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="af19"><addr-line>Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">État de New York</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cane, Patricia" sort="Cane, Patricia" uniqKey="Cane P" first="Patricia" last="Cane">Patricia Cane</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="af20"><addr-line>Health Protection Agency, London, United Kingdom</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Health Protection Agency, London</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cappelli, Giulia" sort="Cappelli, Giulia" uniqKey="Cappelli G" first="Giulia" last="Cappelli">Giulia Cappelli</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af21"><addr-line>Chantal BIYA International Reference Centre for Research on HIV/AIDS Prevention and Management, Yaoundé, Cameroon</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country><wicri:regionArea>Chantal BIYA International Reference Centre for Research on HIV/AIDS Prevention and Management, Yaoundé</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Yaoundé</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="af22"><addr-line>National Research Council, Rome, Italy</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>National Research Council, Rome</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Rome</settlement><region nuts="2">Latium</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Charpentier, Charlotte" sort="Charpentier, Charlotte" uniqKey="Charpentier C" first="Charlotte" last="Charpentier">Charlotte Charpentier</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="af23"><addr-line>Laboratoire de Virologie, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Groupe Hospitalier Bichat-Claude Bernard, HUPNVS, Université Paris Diderot, Paris 7, PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, EA4409, Paris, France</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratoire de Virologie, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Groupe Hospitalier Bichat-Claude Bernard, HUPNVS, Université Paris Diderot, Paris 7, PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, EA4409, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dagnra, Anoumou Y" sort="Dagnra, Anoumou Y" uniqKey="Dagnra A" first="Anoumou Y." last="Dagnra">Anoumou Y. Dagnra</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af24"><addr-line>Centre National de Référence des tests VIH-IST/PNLS and Laboratoire BIOLIM, FMMP/UL, Lomé, Togo</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Togo</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre National de Référence des tests VIH-IST/PNLS and Laboratoire BIOLIM, FMMP/UL, Lomé</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Lomé</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Deshpande, Alaka K" sort="Deshpande, Alaka K" uniqKey="Deshpande A" first="Alaka K." last="Deshpande">Alaka K. Deshpande</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af25"><addr-line>ART Center, Sir JJ Hospital, Byculla, Mumbai, India</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Inde</country><wicri:regionArea>ART Center, Sir JJ Hospital, Byculla, Mumbai</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Mumbai</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="El Katib, Ziad" sort="El Katib, Ziad" uniqKey="El Katib Z" first="Ziad" last="El-Katib">Ziad El-Katib</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="af26"><addr-line>Division of Cancer Epidemiology; McGill University, Montreal, Canada</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Cancer Epidemiology; McGill University, Montreal</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Montréal</settlement><region type="state">Québec</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="af27"><addr-line>Division of Global Health (IHCAR), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Global Health (IHCAR), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Stockholm</settlement><region nuts="2">Svealand</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Eshleman, Susan H" sort="Eshleman, Susan H" uniqKey="Eshleman S" first="Susan H." last="Eshleman">Susan H. Eshleman</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="af28"><addr-line>Dept. of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Maryland</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Dept. of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fokam, Joseph" sort="Fokam, Joseph" uniqKey="Fokam J" first="Joseph" last="Fokam">Joseph Fokam</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af21"><addr-line>Chantal BIYA International Reference Centre for Research on HIV/AIDS Prevention and Management, Yaoundé, Cameroon</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country><wicri:regionArea>Chantal BIYA International Reference Centre for Research on HIV/AIDS Prevention and Management, Yaoundé</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Yaoundé</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af29"><addr-line>Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (FMBS) of the University of Yaounde 1, Yaounde, Cameroon</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country><wicri:regionArea>Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (FMBS) of the University of Yaounde 1, Yaounde</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Yaounde</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gody, Jean Chrysostome" sort="Gody, Jean Chrysostome" uniqKey="Gody J" first="Jean-Chrysostome" last="Gody">Jean-Chrysostome Gody</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af30"><addr-line>Faculté des Sciences de la Santé Bangui, République Centrafricaine</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">République centrafricaine</country><wicri:regionArea>Faculté des Sciences de la Santé Bangui</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af31"><addr-line>Complexe Pédiatrique Bangui, République Centrafricaine</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr" wicri:curation="lc">République centrafricaine</country><wicri:regionArea>Complexe Pédiatrique Bangui</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Katzenstein, David" sort="Katzenstein, David" uniqKey="Katzenstein D" first="David" last="Katzenstein">David Katzenstein</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="af1"><addr-line>Division Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, California</addr-line></nlm:aff><country>États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Division Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Stanford University</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Koyalta, Donato D" sort="Koyalta, Donato D" uniqKey="Koyalta D" first="Donato D." last="Koyalta">Donato D. Koyalta</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af32"><addr-line>Hôpital Général de Référence Nationale, N'Djamena, Chad</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Tchad</country><wicri:regionArea>Hôpital Général de Référence Nationale, N'Djamena</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>N'Djamena</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kumwenda, Johnstone J" sort="Kumwenda, Johnstone J" uniqKey="Kumwenda J" first="Johnstone J." last="Kumwenda">Johnstone J. Kumwenda</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af33"><addr-line>Dept. of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Malawi</country><wicri:regionArea>Dept. of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Blantyre</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lallemant, Marc" sort="Lallemant, Marc" uniqKey="Lallemant M" first="Marc" last="Lallemant">Marc Lallemant</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="af6"><addr-line>Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston</wicri:cityArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af14"><addr-line>Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement IRD U174, Program for HIV Prevention and Treatment, Chiang Mai, Thailand</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Thaïlande</country><wicri:regionArea>Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement IRD U174, Program for HIV Prevention and Treatment, Chiang Mai</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Chiang Mai</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af34"><addr-line>Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Thaïlande</country><wicri:regionArea>Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Chiang Mai</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lynen, Lutgarde" sort="Lynen, Lutgarde" uniqKey="Lynen L" first="Lutgarde" last="Lynen">Lutgarde Lynen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af35"><addr-line>Institute of Tropical Medicine (ITM), Antwerp, Belgium</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Tropical Medicine (ITM), Antwerp</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Antwerp</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Marconi, Vincent C" sort="Marconi, Vincent C" uniqKey="Marconi V" first="Vincent C." last="Marconi">Vincent C. Marconi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af36"><addr-line>Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Géorgie (pays)</country><wicri:regionArea>Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Atlanta</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af37"><addr-line>Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Géorgie (pays)</country><wicri:regionArea>Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Atlanta</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Margot, Nicolas A" sort="Margot, Nicolas A" uniqKey="Margot N" first="Nicolas A." last="Margot">Nicolas A. Margot</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="af38"><addr-line>Gilead Sciences Inc., Foster City, California</addr-line></nlm:aff><country>États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Gilead Sciences Inc., Foster City</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Moussa, Sandrine" sort="Moussa, Sandrine" uniqKey="Moussa S" first="Sandrine" last="Moussa">Sandrine Moussa</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af39"><addr-line>Unité des Rétrovirus et des Virus Oncogènes, Institut Pasteur de Bangui, Bangui, Central African Republic</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">République centrafricaine</country><wicri:regionArea>Unité des Rétrovirus et des Virus Oncogènes, Institut Pasteur de Bangui, Bangui</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Bangui</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ndung U, Thumbi" sort="Ndung U, Thumbi" uniqKey="Ndung U T" first="Thumbi" last="Ndung'U">Thumbi Ndung'U</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af40"><addr-line>HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Durban</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nyambi, Phillipe N" sort="Nyambi, Phillipe N" uniqKey="Nyambi P" first="Phillipe N." last="Nyambi">Phillipe N. Nyambi</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="af41"><addr-line>Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">État de New York</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York</wicri:cityArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="af42"><addr-line>Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare Systems, New York, New York</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">État de New York</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare Systems, New York</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Orrell, Catherine" sort="Orrell, Catherine" uniqKey="Orrell C" first="Catherine" last="Orrell">Catherine Orrell</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af43"><addr-line>Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Cape Town</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schapiro, Jonathan M" sort="Schapiro, Jonathan M" uniqKey="Schapiro J" first="Jonathan M." last="Schapiro">Jonathan M. Schapiro</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af44"><addr-line>National Hemophilia Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Israël</country><wicri:regionArea>National Hemophilia Center, Tel Hashomer</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Tel Hashomer</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schuurman, Rob" sort="Schuurman, Rob" uniqKey="Schuurman R" first="Rob" last="Schuurman">Rob Schuurman</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af45"><addr-line>Department of Virology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Virology, University Medical Center Utrecht</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>University Medical Center Utrecht</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sirivichayakul, Sunee" sort="Sirivichayakul, Sunee" uniqKey="Sirivichayakul S" first="Sunee" last="Sirivichayakul">Sunee Sirivichayakul</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af7"><addr-line>Department of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, and Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Center, Bangkok, Thailand</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Thaïlande</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, and Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Center, Bangkok</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Bangkok</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Smith, Davey" sort="Smith, Davey" uniqKey="Smith D" first="Davey" last="Smith">Davey Smith</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="af46"><addr-line>Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California</addr-line></nlm:aff><country>États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California San Diego, San Diego</wicri:cityArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="af47"><addr-line>Veterans Affairs Healthcare System San Diego, San Diego, California</addr-line></nlm:aff><country>États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Veterans Affairs Healthcare System San Diego, San Diego</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zolfo, Maria" sort="Zolfo, Maria" uniqKey="Zolfo M" first="Maria" last="Zolfo">Maria Zolfo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af35"><addr-line>Institute of Tropical Medicine (ITM), Antwerp, Belgium</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Belgique</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Tropical Medicine (ITM), Antwerp</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Antwerp</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jordan, Michael R" sort="Jordan, Michael R" uniqKey="Jordan M" first="Michael R." last="Jordan">Michael R. Jordan</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="af48"><addr-line>Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Massachusetts</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shafer, Robert W" sort="Shafer, Robert W" uniqKey="Shafer R" first="Robert W." last="Shafer">Robert W. Shafer</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="af1"><addr-line>Division Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, California</addr-line></nlm:aff><country>États-Unis</country><placeName><region type="state">Californie</region></placeName><wicri:cityArea>Division Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Stanford University</wicri:cityArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">The Journal of Infectious Diseases</title><idno type="ISSN">0022-1899</idno><idno type="eISSN">1537-6613</idno><imprint><date when="2013">2013</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background</title><p>The World Health Organization Antiretroviral Treatment Guidelines recommend phasing-out stavudine because of its risk of long-term toxicity. There are two mutational pathways of stavudine resistance with different implications for zidovudine and tenofovir cross-resistance, the primary candidates for replacing stavudine. However, because resistance testing is rarely available in resource-limited settings, it is critical to identify the cross-resistance patterns associated with first-line stavudine failure.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>We analyzed HIV-1 resistance mutations following first-line stavudine failure from 35 publications comprising 1,825 individuals. We also assessed the influence of concomitant nevirapine vs. efavirenz, therapy duration, and HIV-1 subtype on the proportions of mutations associated with zidovudine vs. tenofovir cross-resistance.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Mutations with preferential zidovudine activity, K65R or K70E, occurred in 5.3% of individuals. Mutations with preferential tenofovir activity, ≥two thymidine analog mutations (TAMs) or Q151M, occurred in 22% of individuals. Nevirapine increased the risk of TAMs, K65R, and Q151M. Longer therapy increased the risk of TAMs and Q151M but not K65R. Subtype C and CRF01_AE increased the risk of K65R, but only CRF01_AE increased the risk of K65R without Q151M.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>Regardless of concomitant nevirapine vs. efavirenz, therapy duration, or subtype, tenofovir was more likely than zidovudine to retain antiviral activity following first-line d4T therapy.</p></sec></div></front></TEI><affiliations><list><country><li>Afrique du Sud</li><li>Belgique</li><li>Cameroun</li><li>Canada</li><li>France</li><li>Géorgie (pays)</li><li>Inde</li><li>Israël</li><li>Italie</li><li>Malawi</li><li>Pays-Bas</li><li>Royaume-Uni</li><li>République centrafricaine</li><li>Suisse</li><li>Suède</li><li>Tchad</li><li>Thaïlande</li><li>Togo</li><li>États-Unis</li></country><region><li>Angleterre</li><li>Aquitaine</li><li>Californie</li><li>Gauteng</li><li>Grand Londres</li><li>Hollande-Septentrionale</li><li>Illinois</li><li>Languedoc-Roussillon</li><li>Latium</li><li>Maryland</li><li>Massachusetts</li><li>Nouvelle-Aquitaine</li><li>Occitanie (région administrative)</li><li>Québec</li><li>Svealand</li><li>État de New York</li><li>Île-de-France</li></region><settlement><li>Amsterdam</li><li>Bordeaux</li><li>Johannesbourg</li><li>Londres</li><li>Montpellier</li><li>Montréal</li><li>Paris</li><li>Rome</li><li>Stockholm</li></settlement><orgName><li>Université Montpellier 1</li><li>Université Paris-Descartes</li><li>Université d'Amsterdam</li><li>Université du Witwatersrand</li></orgName></list><tree><noCountry><name sortKey="Bunupuradah, Torsak" sort="Bunupuradah, Torsak" uniqKey="Bunupuradah T" first="Torsak" last="Bunupuradah">Torsak Bunupuradah</name></noCountry><country name="États-Unis"><region name="Californie"><name sortKey="Tang, Michele W" sort="Tang, Michele W" uniqKey="Tang M" first="Michele W." last="Tang">Michele W. Tang</name></region><name sortKey="Burda, Sherri" sort="Burda, Sherri" uniqKey="Burda S" first="Sherri" last="Burda">Sherri Burda</name><name sortKey="Eshleman, Susan H" sort="Eshleman, Susan H" uniqKey="Eshleman S" first="Susan H." last="Eshleman">Susan H. Eshleman</name><name sortKey="Hawkins, Claudia A" sort="Hawkins, Claudia A" uniqKey="Hawkins C" first="Claudia A." last="Hawkins">Claudia A. Hawkins</name><name sortKey="Holmes, Susan" sort="Holmes, Susan" uniqKey="Holmes S" first="Susan" last="Holmes">Susan Holmes</name><name sortKey="Jordan, Michael R" sort="Jordan, Michael R" uniqKey="Jordan M" first="Michael R." last="Jordan">Michael R. Jordan</name><name sortKey="Kanki, Phyllis J" sort="Kanki, Phyllis J" uniqKey="Kanki P" first="Phyllis J." last="Kanki">Phyllis J. Kanki</name><name sortKey="Katzenstein, David" sort="Katzenstein, David" uniqKey="Katzenstein D" first="David" last="Katzenstein">David Katzenstein</name><name sortKey="Lallemant, Marc" sort="Lallemant, Marc" uniqKey="Lallemant M" first="Marc" last="Lallemant">Marc Lallemant</name><name sortKey="Margot, Nicolas A" sort="Margot, Nicolas A" uniqKey="Margot N" first="Nicolas A." last="Margot">Nicolas A. Margot</name><name sortKey="Nyambi, Phillipe N" sort="Nyambi, Phillipe N" uniqKey="Nyambi P" first="Phillipe N." last="Nyambi">Phillipe N. Nyambi</name><name sortKey="Nyambi, Phillipe N" sort="Nyambi, Phillipe N" uniqKey="Nyambi P" first="Phillipe N." last="Nyambi">Phillipe N. Nyambi</name><name sortKey="Rhee, Soo Yon" sort="Rhee, Soo Yon" uniqKey="Rhee S" first="Soo-Yon" last="Rhee">Soo-Yon Rhee</name><name sortKey="Shafer, Robert W" sort="Shafer, Robert W" uniqKey="Shafer R" first="Robert W." last="Shafer">Robert W. Shafer</name><name sortKey="Smith, Davey" sort="Smith, Davey" uniqKey="Smith D" first="Davey" last="Smith">Davey Smith</name><name sortKey="Smith, Davey" sort="Smith, Davey" uniqKey="Smith D" first="Davey" last="Smith">Davey Smith</name></country><country name="Suisse"><noRegion><name sortKey="Bertagnolio, Silvia" sort="Bertagnolio, Silvia" uniqKey="Bertagnolio S" first="Silvia" last="Bertagnolio">Silvia Bertagnolio</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Ford, Nathan" sort="Ford, Nathan" uniqKey="Ford N" first="Nathan" last="Ford">Nathan Ford</name></country><country name="Pays-Bas"><region name="Hollande-Septentrionale"><name sortKey="Sigaloff, Kim C" sort="Sigaloff, Kim C" uniqKey="Sigaloff K" first="Kim C." last="Sigaloff">Kim C. Sigaloff</name></region><name sortKey="De Wit, Tobias F Rinke" sort="De Wit, Tobias F Rinke" uniqKey="De Wit T" first="Tobias F. Rinke" last="De Wit">Tobias F. Rinke De Wit</name><name sortKey="Hamers, Raph L" sort="Hamers, Raph L" uniqKey="Hamers R" first="Raph L." last="Hamers">Raph L. Hamers</name><name sortKey="Schuurman, Rob" sort="Schuurman, Rob" uniqKey="Schuurman R" first="Rob" last="Schuurman">Rob Schuurman</name></country><country name="France"><region name="Nouvelle-Aquitaine"><name sortKey="Fleury, Herve J" sort="Fleury, Herve J" uniqKey="Fleury H" first="Herve J." last="Fleury">Herve J. 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Wallis</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Ndung U, Thumbi" sort="Ndung U, Thumbi" uniqKey="Ndung U T" first="Thumbi" last="Ndung'U">Thumbi Ndung'U</name><name sortKey="Orrell, Catherine" sort="Orrell, Catherine" uniqKey="Orrell C" first="Catherine" last="Orrell">Catherine Orrell</name><name sortKey="Stevens, Wendy" sort="Stevens, Wendy" uniqKey="Stevens W" first="Wendy" last="Stevens">Wendy Stevens</name><name sortKey="Van Zyl, Gert U" sort="Van Zyl, Gert U" uniqKey="Van Zyl G" first="Gert U." last="Van Zyl">Gert U. Van Zyl</name></country><country name="Malawi"><noRegion><name sortKey="Hosseinipour, Mina C" sort="Hosseinipour, Mina C" uniqKey="Hosseinipour M" first="Mina C." last="Hosseinipour">Mina C. Hosseinipour</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Kumwenda, Johnstone J" sort="Kumwenda, Johnstone J" uniqKey="Kumwenda J" first="Johnstone J." last="Kumwenda">Johnstone J. 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Dagnra</name></noRegion></country><country name="Inde"><noRegion><name sortKey="Deshpande, Alaka K" sort="Deshpande, Alaka K" uniqKey="Deshpande A" first="Alaka K." last="Deshpande">Alaka K. Deshpande</name></noRegion></country><country name="Canada"><region name="Québec"><name sortKey="El Katib, Ziad" sort="El Katib, Ziad" uniqKey="El Katib Z" first="Ziad" last="El-Katib">Ziad El-Katib</name></region></country><country name="Suède"><region name="Svealand"><name sortKey="El Katib, Ziad" sort="El Katib, Ziad" uniqKey="El Katib Z" first="Ziad" last="El-Katib">Ziad El-Katib</name></region></country><country name="République centrafricaine"><noRegion><name sortKey="Gody, Jean Chrysostome" sort="Gody, Jean Chrysostome" uniqKey="Gody J" first="Jean-Chrysostome" last="Gody">Jean-Chrysostome Gody</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Gody, Jean Chrysostome" sort="Gody, Jean Chrysostome" uniqKey="Gody J" first="Jean-Chrysostome" last="Gody">Jean-Chrysostome Gody</name><name sortKey="Moussa, Sandrine" sort="Moussa, Sandrine" uniqKey="Moussa S" first="Sandrine" last="Moussa">Sandrine Moussa</name></country><country name="Tchad"><noRegion><name sortKey="Koyalta, Donato D" sort="Koyalta, Donato D" uniqKey="Koyalta D" first="Donato D." last="Koyalta">Donato D. Koyalta</name></noRegion></country><country name="Belgique"><noRegion><name sortKey="Lynen, Lutgarde" sort="Lynen, Lutgarde" uniqKey="Lynen L" first="Lutgarde" last="Lynen">Lutgarde Lynen</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Zolfo, Maria" sort="Zolfo, Maria" uniqKey="Zolfo M" first="Maria" last="Zolfo">Maria Zolfo</name></country><country name="Géorgie (pays)"><noRegion><name sortKey="Marconi, Vincent C" sort="Marconi, Vincent C" uniqKey="Marconi V" first="Vincent C." last="Marconi">Vincent C. Marconi</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Marconi, Vincent C" sort="Marconi, Vincent C" uniqKey="Marconi V" first="Vincent C." last="Marconi">Vincent C. Marconi</name></country><country name="Israël"><noRegion><name sortKey="Schapiro, Jonathan M" sort="Schapiro, Jonathan M" uniqKey="Schapiro J" first="Jonathan M." last="Schapiro">Jonathan M. Schapiro</name></noRegion></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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